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開關電源的基本介紹以及與普通電源的對比
時間(jian):2022-06-26 字號

什么叫開關電源?

如今(jin)(jin)隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術的開放和發展創新,使得(de)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)技(ji)術也在(zai)不斷地發展。現(xian)在(zai),開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)以小型、輕量和高功率的特征被廣泛應用(yong)幾乎(hu)一切的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備,是當今(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子信息產業飛速打開不行缺少(shao)的一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)方案。

開關(guan)電源是(shi)運用現代電力電子技術(shu),操控開關(guan)管注冊和關(guan)斷的時(shi)刻(ke)比(bi)率,保持安穩輸出電壓的一種電源,開關(guan)電源一般由脈沖寬度調制(PWM)操控IC和MOSFET構成。

開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是(shi)相(xiang)對(dui)線性電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)說的(de),其輸入(ru)端直接將(jiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)整流變成直流電(dian)(dian)(dian),再在(zai)高(gao)頻(pin)震動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)效果(guo)下(xia),用開關管操控電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)通斷(duan),構成高(gao)頻(pin)脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(高(gao)頻(pin)變壓(ya)器)的(de)幫(bang)助(zhu)下(xia),輸出安穩的(de)低壓(ya)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

因(yin)為(wei)變(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)磁芯(xin)大(da)小與開關電(dian)源(yuan)作業頻(pin)率的(de)平方成反比,頻(pin)率越高鐵心越小。這(zhe)樣就能(neng)夠(gou)大(da)大(da)減(jian)小變(bian)壓器(qi),使(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)減(jian)輕重量(liang)和(he)體積。而且因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)(ta)直(zhi)接操控直(zhi)流,使(shi)這(zhe)種電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)功率比線性電(dian)源(yuan)高許多(duo)。這(zhe)樣就節省了(le)動力,因(yin)此它(ta)(ta)遭到人(ren)們(men)的(de)喜愛。但它(ta)(ta)也有缺點,便是電(dian)路凌亂,修理困難,對(dui)電(dian)路的(de)污染嚴峻。電(dian)源(yuan)噪(zao)聲大(da),不適合用于(yu)某些(xie)低噪(zao)聲電(dian)路。

開關電源的特征

開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)源一般由脈沖寬(kuan)度調制(PWM)操控IC和(he)MOSFET構(gou)成(cheng)。跟(gen)著(zhu)跟(gen)著(zhu)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)技術(shu)的打開和(he)立異(yi),現在開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)源首要(yao)以小型、輕量和(he)高功率(lv)的特征被廣(guang)泛應(ying)用到幾乎一切(qie)的電(dian)子(zi)(zi)設備(bei),其重要(yao)性(xing)可見一斑。

開關電源的分類

根據開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)器(qi)材在(zai)電路中連接的方案,開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)電源總的來說可分為(wei)串聯式(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)電源、并(bing)聯式(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)電源、變壓器(qi)式(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)電源等三大(da)類。

其間(jian),變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器式(shi)開關電源還能(neng)夠進一步分紅:推挽式(shi)、半橋式(shi)、全橋式(shi)等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)。根據變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器的鼓(gu)舞(wu)和輸(shu)出(chu)電壓(ya)的相位,又能(neng)夠分紅:正激(ji)式(shi)、反激(ji)式(shi)、單激(ji)式(shi)和雙激(ji)式(shi)等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)。

開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)源和一般電(dian)(dian)源的(de)差(cha)異

一般的電源(yuan)一般是(shi)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電源(yuan),線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電源(yuan),是(shi)指(zhi)調整管作業在線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)下的電源(yuan)。而在開關電源(yuan)中則不相同,開關管(在開關電源(yuan)中,咱們一般把調整管叫做開關管)是(shi)作業在開、關兩(liang)種狀(zhuang)況(kuang)下的:開——電阻(zu)很小,關——電阻(zu)很大。

開(kai)關電源是一種比(bi)較(jiao)新式的(de)電源。它具有功率高,重(zhong)量輕,可升、降壓、輸出(chu)功率大(da)等利益。但是因為電路作業在(zai)開(kai)關狀況(kuang),所以噪聲比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)。

舉例說明(ming):降壓(ya)型開(kai)關電源

咱們來簡略的說說降(jiang)壓型開關電(dian)(dian)源的作業原理:電(dian)(dian)路(lu)由(you)開關(實際電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中為三極管或(huo)許場效應管),續流(liu)二極管、儲能電(dian)(dian)感、濾波電(dian)(dian)容等構成。

當開關(guan)(guan)(guan)閉合(he)時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)經過(guo)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)給負載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),并(bing)將部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容中(zhong)。因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)的自感(gan)(gan)(gan),在開關(guan)(guan)(guan)接通后,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)增大(da)得比較緩慢,即輸(shu)出不能馬(ma)上到達電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)。

必定時刻后,開(kai)關斷開(kai),因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)的(de)自感(gan)效果(能夠比較形象的(de)認為(wei)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)中的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)有慣(guan)性效果),將堅持電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)變(bian),即從(cong)左往右繼續流(liu)。這(zhe)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)流(liu)過(guo)負(fu)載(zai),從(cong)地線(xian)回來,流(liu)到續流(liu)二極(ji)管(guan)的(de)正(zheng)極(ji),經過(guo)二極(ji)管(guan),回來電(dian)(dian)感(gan)的(de)左端,然后構成(cheng)了一個回路(lu)。

經過操(cao)(cao)控開(kai)關閉(bi)合跟斷開(kai)的(de)時刻(ke)(即(ji)PWM——脈沖寬(kuan)度調(diao)制),就能夠操(cao)(cao)控輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓。假如(ru)經過檢測輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓來操(cao)(cao)控開(kai)、關的(de)時刻(ke),以堅持輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)變,這(zhe)就完成(cheng)了穩壓的(de)目的(de)。

一般電(dian)源和開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電(dian)源相同的(de)是(shi)都有電(dian)壓調整(zheng)管,運用(yong)反響原理來進(jin)行(xing)穩壓的(de),不同的(de)是(shi)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電(dian)源運用(yong)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)管進(jin)行(xing)調整(zheng),一般電(dian)源一般運用(yong)三極管的(de)線(xian)性(xing)放大區進(jin)行(xing)調整(zheng)。比較而言,開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電(dian)源的(de)能耗低,對交流電(dian)壓適用(yong)范圍要(yao)寬,輸(shu)出直流的(de)波紋系數要(yao)好,缺點是(shi)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)脈沖煩擾(rao)。

一般(ban)半橋(qiao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的首要(yao)作業原理便(bian)是上橋(qiao)和下(xia)橋(qiao)的開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(頻率高時開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)為VMOS)輪(lun)番(fan)導通,首要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)經過上橋(qiao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)流(liu)入,運(yun)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)線圈(quan)的存儲功(gong)能,將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能集聚(ju)在線圈(quan)中(zhong),畢竟(jing)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)閉(bi)上橋(qiao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan),翻開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)下(xia)橋(qiao)的開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan),電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)線圈(quan)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容繼(ji)續(xu)給外(wai)部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。然后(hou)又(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)閉(bi)下(xia)橋(qiao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan),再翻開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)上橋(qiao)讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)入,就這樣重復進(jin)行,因為要(yao)輪(lun)番(fan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)兩開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan),所以稱為開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。

而線(xian)性電源就不(bu)相同了,因(yin)為沒有開關(guan)介入,使(shi)得上水(shui)管一(yi)直在放水(shui),假如有多(duo)的(de)(de),就會(hui)漏出(chu)來,這便是(shi)咱們常常看(kan)到的(de)(de)某些線(xian)性電源的(de)(de)調整管發熱(re)量很大,用(yong)不(bu)完(wan)的(de)(de)電能,全部轉化(hua)成了熱(re)能。從這個視點來看(kan),線(xian)性電源的(de)(de)轉化(hua)功率(lv)就非常低(di)了,而且熱(re)量高(gao)的(de)(de)時分,元件的(de)(de)壽數勢必要下降,影響(xiang)畢竟的(de)(de)運用(yong)效果。

首要差異:作業方案

線(xian)性電源的(de)(de)功率調整(zheng)管總是作業在放大區,流過的(de)(de)電流是接連(lian)的(de)(de)。因為調整(zheng)管上損耗(hao)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)功率,所(suo)以需求較(jiao)大功率調整(zheng)管并(bing)裝有體積很(hen)(hen)大的(de)(de)散(san)熱(re)器,發熱(re)嚴峻,功率很(hen)(hen)低,一般在40%~60%(還得說是很(hen)(hen)好的(de)(de)線(xian)性電源)。

線性電源(yuan)的作業方案,使從高壓(ya)變(bian)低壓(ya)必須有(you)將壓(ya)裝置,一(yi)般的都是(shi)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi),也(ye)(ye)有(you)其(qi)他像KX電源(yuan),再(zai)經過(guo)整流輸出直流電壓(ya)。這(zhe)樣一(yi)來體積也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)很大(da),比較粗笨(ben),功率低、發熱量也(ye)(ye)大(da);但也(ye)(ye)有(you)利益:紋波小、調整率好、對外煩(fan)擾小、適合(he)用與(yu)模(mo)擬電路/各類(lei)放大(da)器(qi)等(deng)。

開(kai)關電源(yuan)它的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)器材(cai)作業在開(kai)關狀況,在電壓(ya)(ya)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)時能量是經過電感線(xian)圈來(lai)暫時儲存,這樣他(ta)的(de)(de)損(sun)耗就小,功(gong)(gong)率(lv)也(ye)就高,對(dui)散熱的(de)(de)要求(qiu)低,但(dan)它對(dui)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器和(he)貯能電感也(ye)有了**的(de)(de)要求(qiu),要用(yong)低損(sun)耗高磁(ci)導(dao)率(lv)的(de)(de)材(cai)料來(lai)做。它的(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器便是一個字小。總功(gong)(gong)率(lv)在80%~98%,開(kai)關電源(yuan)的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)高但(dan)體積小,但(dan)是和(he)線(xian)性(xing)電源(yuan)比(bi)他(ta)的(de)(de)紋(wen)波,電壓(ya)(ya)電流調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)率(lv)就有必定(ding)的(de)(de)折(zhe)扣了。


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